ART

                                                                        UNIT:1

            -BASIC GEOMETRY CONCEPS AND DEFINITIONS:

                       GEOMETRY:It's an area of knowledge witch studies any elements and operations on/in the plane such as points , lines or shapes.It comes from the Greek geo=earth , metry=measurement.

                        POINT:In geometry a point can be defined as the place of location were  two lines intersect.A point hasn't got dimensions , no height and no width.

                                                               DITERENTS FORMS: 

                                                                                                                                                                    

 

                                                 十          Х          •          ⊕          ⊙          ༓                                                                                                                  A           B          C         D           E           F
            
                         LINES:A one-diensional object formed of infinite points.It hasn't got end points and continues forever in a plane.

                          RAY:A line which begins at a particular point (called the end point) and extends and lessly in one direction.

                         MIDPOINT:It is the point that is halfway between the end-points of the line segment.

                         END-POINT:And the end-point is a point at wich a line segment or a ray ends or starts.
                         LINE SEGMENT:It is a line with two end-points.                                                                                    

                                    
                                            
  


➡️L I N E                        










➡️L I N E   S E G M E N T




 





➡️R A Y






               M I D P O I N T

                                LENGHT:Measurement of something from end to end.

                                          ----------------------------------------------  =2cm




      -GEOMETRY DRAWING AND SUPPLIES CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS:



                      FREEHAND:Draw by hand without guiding instrument , meuserements.
                     LINE/TECHNICAL DRAWING :It is a drawing made with the help of supplies . It is usually the kind of drawing used for architecture or enginering plans .
                     COMPASS:It is a tool for drawing circles and arcs and also for measuring distance between points , consisting in two arms linked by a hinge. 


 
                                                       CIRCLE WITH THE COMPASS

           PROTACTOR:An instrument for measuring or drawing angles on paper , usually a flat semicircular transparent plastic sheet graduated in degrees.
           SET-SQUARE (UK) TRIANGLES (US):There are two specials rulers with triangular shape . One is called the 45º triangle and other 60º/30º triangle . Both have 90º angle . They are used for makin different angles.
             ERASER:Used for eliminate the mistakes .
             RULER:For makin lines .

            LINE SEGMENT COPING:Givent the segment AB , copy it with the same lenght with a compass.

                 
                                  |———————|                    |──────────|———————                     
                                 A                          B                  A                           B

        ADICTION:(suma)                     AB + EF                      •The new segment is AF

     |—————————|
    A                                  B
     |———|                                                |─────────────|─────────|———
    C          D                                             A'                                B' E'                    F'
    |——————|
   E                      F      

         SUBTRACTION:(resta)                 EF - CD                  •The new segment is ED
    
                       

                                                               |─────────|———
                                                             E'                       D'

         MULTIPLY:(multiplicación)                     AB 🇽 3


         |──────────────|──────────────|──────────────|————
        A'                                  B'A'                                 B'A'                                   B'

  
          DIVISION:(división)                                  AB ÷ 2

            
           PERPENDICULAR   LINE   OF   A   SEGMENT   THROUGH   AN   END   POINT:

 

  PERPENDICULAR   LINE   TO   ANOTHER   THROUGH   AN   OUTER   POINT   OF  IT:
                                               

       
                PARALLEL   LINE   TO   A   GIVEN   LINE   AT   A   GIVEN   DISTANCE:

                           IMPORTANT   DEFINITIONS   ABOUT   CIRCLES:

CIRCLE:Set of points at the same distance to a point called center.
CIRCUNFERENCE:It is the full lenght of a circle.
RADIUS:It is a lenght of a line segment from the center to its perimeter.
CENTER:It is a point equidistant to any points on a circle.
DIAMETER:A line segment that pases though the center and conects two points of a circle. Its lenght is double than the radius.
CHORD:A line segment witch conects two points of the circle not trough the center.
ARC:Segment of a circle.
ARROW:Its a line segment enter chord and arc pass to the center.


                      IMPORTANT   DEFINITIONS   ABOUT   ANGLES   AND   LINE:
   
PARALLELS:They are two lines wich never intersect them selves so all their points are equidistant.

                                                             ────────────
                                                           
                                                             ──────────── 

PERPENDICULAR:They are lines wich meet forming four right angels = 90º
OBLIQUE:When two lines cross but not forming any angles.
ANGLES:It's a figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint (veter)


                                                          TYPES   OF   ANGLES:(positions)

 COMPLEMENTARY:They are couples of angles witch sum is 90º

 


 SUPLEMENTARY:They are couples of angles witch sum is 90º

                                                        
                                                       TYPES   OF   ANGLES:(form)
 

-Right
-Obtuse
-Acute
-Flat
-Complet
-Cero

    
THE ANGLE BISECTOR:When I divide on angle into two equals parts . 

                                              OPERATIONS WITH ANGLES:


            ADICTION:
            SUBTRACTION:
            MULTIPLY:
            DIVIDE:


                                                           POLIGONS:

         •NUMBER OF SIDES:


                   NAMES:                                         TYPES:
                                                             
         -Triangles(3)                                  •Concave / convex
         -Quadrilaterals(4)                         •Start polygons
         -Pentagonon(5)                              •Regular / irregular
         -Hexagonon(6)                                    •Inscribe
         -Heptagonon(7)                                  •Guiven the side
         -Octogonon(8)                                     •Other items
         -Decagon(10)                                            Elements:
         -Dodecagon(12)                                        -Sides
                                                                            -Diagonals
                                                                            -Verties        
                                                                            -Altitud
 


START POLIGONS:It's a particular polygon case with a start shape , created out of linking together non consecutive vertices of a regular polygon.

INCREBED POLYGONS:They are polygons place inside circule so all the vertex of the polygon are placed on the circle.

CONVEX POLIGON:Any line draw thought the polygon meets its bandary exactly twice.

NON-CONVEX:A line may be found which meter its boundary more than twince.
                  •Regular
                  •Irregular


-15º
-30º
-45º
-60º
-120º
-150º

THE TRIANGLES

It is a flat figure with three sides and three angles.
         

CONSTRUCTION AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE:

 CONSTRUCTION AN EQUILATER TRIANGLE WHEN I KNOW THE RADIUS:

CONSTRUCTION AN ISOSCELS TRIANGLE WHEN I KNOW TWO SIDES:

 MADE RIGHT TRIANGLE WHEN I KNOW TWO SIDES:

DO THE TRIANGLE WHEN I KNOW THREE SIDES:

THE CUADRILATERALS
They are polygons with four sides and four angles.

•PARALLELOGRAMS:They are cuadrilaterals with two sides of parallel opposite equal sides and two pairs opposite equal angles.




                    SQUARE:                                                                        RHOMBUS:

               -4 sides//2 by 2                                                                  - 4 sides = 
               -4 angles = 90º                                                                  -// 2 by 2
               -2 diagonals ㅗ                                                                  -2 diagonals
                                                                                                           -and ㅗ


                 
                 RECTANGLE:                                                                RHOMBOID:

              -4 sides // 2 by 2                                                                 -4 sides = 2 by 2
              -4 angles = 90º                                                                   -2 angles = 2 by 2
              -2 diagonals             


•NON PARALLELOGRAMS:

TRAPEZIOMS:Only one pair of sidesare paralld.

                   TRIGHT:                                           ISOSCELES:                          SCALEN:

           - 2 sides //                                              - 2 sides //                                 -4 sides ≠
           - 2 a right = 90º                                    - 2 sides =                                 -2 sides //



                                                                         TRAPEZOIDE:

                                                                     -Sides ≠
                                                                     -NON PARALLELS SIDES



DO THE SQUARE WHEN I KNOW A SIDE:

DO THE RHOMBUS WHEN I KNOW 2 DIAGONALS:

DO THE RHOMBOID WHEN I KNOW ONE SIDE AND THE ANGLE Â:



-REGULAR POLIGONS:

TRIANGLES:

     TRIANGLE WHEN I KNOW ONE SIDE:

     TRIANGLE WHEN I KNOW A RADIUS:

SQUARE:

     CONSTRUCTION OF SQUARE WHEN I KNOW THE RADIUS:

RECTANGLE:

     DO THE RECTANGLE WHEN I KNOW TWO SIDES:

     DO A RECTANGLE WHEN I KNOW TWO SIDES:

SQUARE:

     MAKE THE SQUARE WHEN I KNOW ONE SIDE:

     MAKE THE SQUARE WHEN I KNOW A RADIUS 

PENTAGON:

     PENTAGON WHEN I KNOW A SIDE 

     PENTAGON WHEN I KNOW A RADIUS:

HEXAGON:

     DO THE HEXAGON WHEN I KNOW ONE SIDE:

     DO THE HEXAGON WHEN I KNOW A RADIUS:

HEPTAGON:

     DO AN HEPTAGON WHEN I KNOW THE RADIUS:


START POLIGONS:

Una estrella empieza y acaba en el mismo punto.

     -Start pentagon 
     -5 star
     -6 star
     -7 star
        • 2 passes
        • 3 passes
     -8 star
        • 2 passes
        • 3 passes
     -10 star
       • 1 passes
       • 2 passes
       • 3 passes
     -12 star
       • 1 passes
       • 2 passes
       • 3 passes
       • 4 passes                                         

                                              
                                                                    SIMMETRY:

              AXIS SIMMETRY:                                                        CENTER SIMMETRY:

 

                                                            


SIMMETRY:It is a quality of some shapes which some of thir parts are reflections of others.

REFLECTION SIMMETRY:It's a same quality witch is formed by two halves facing each other with an axis ar fold line in between as , if both side were mirror images of each other.

AXIS SIMMETRY:It is a line witch divedes a shape into two simmetry halves. Every element are the same distance from (the axis) the center.
Vocabulary:
            DOT:It is a smollest and most simple element in art expresion . It's first target is to indicate a position since it doesn't follow any directions. It my have different qualities size , sharper and color.
              THE DOT THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAPACITY:When de size , shapes and colors are changed the dot can create visual sensations of spacial deepress and volume.
             THE DOT EXPRESIVE CAPACITY:The point has a unlimited capacity to represent images and to express ideas and emotions . To do so , usual effect are used.
              OPTICAL MIX:When colors are mixed with the help of distance. Paint isn't mixed on the palette or on the opptical mix was used first by the pointillist.

LINES:It can be defined as a dot in movement. It has positions and direction in the space and one of it's principal function consits on making the dhapes out lines:
              ZIG ZAG OR BROKEN LINES:They are formed by several fragments of staight lines with different directions.
              WAVY LINE:They are formed by several frag merts of cured lines.
              CURLY LINES:They have more curves than wavy lines and shous loops.
            ESCRIBBLE:Chaotic or meaningless lines that are traced randomly , usually in first stages of chilhood or to fill in some area with a particular texture. 

COMBINATIONS WITH THE LINES:
              HATCHING:It's a way of shading or giving tones to the areas of objects or surface with parallel lines.
               CROSS-HATCHING:It's a way of shading areas of a drawing or surfaces with parallel lines in several directions.
               DASHED (or dotted) LINES:They are lines witch are not continius , formed by little traces or dots.
             BLURRED:They are very soft or vanished so they are hard to see and opposite to intense and deep.
                 SIMPLE LINES:Those that are formed by only one line.
              COMPOSITE LINES:They are lines composed by fragments of several straight and curved lines.
                EXPRESSIVENESS OF LINES:
                             -Vertical line expressiveness: The express an ascendent or descendet movement , depending on how they are used.
                                      -Orizontal line expressiveness:  They produced visual feelings of they used too much.
                                         -Skew line expressiveness:  They produced unsteadiness and movement feelings. These feelings give indined lines and sensation of dynamisn.